Fairness and Equality During Coronavirus - Case Study Assignment Help

Intent

This assessment item focuses on leadership during times of crisis. It considers the ethical and moral stances required of health and social care leaders, particularly but not only during times of stress. This assessment will give you the opportunity to not only consider what leaders have or have not done during the COVID19 pandemic, but it will help you evaluate whether their actions made things better or worse, and for whom.

Objective

This assessment task addresses these subject learning objectives:

• Review and evaluate leadership theories and practices relevant to health and social care
• Critically analyse problems in health and social services that require leadership as part of their solution
• Review leadership theories, models and approaches, and consider the issues associated with their application in health and social care contexts
• Are reflective critical thinkers who examine and contribute to practice, policy and research to achieve clinical excellence and enhance health outcomes (1.0)
• Identify, synthesise, evaluate and apply the best available evidence for translation into practice to achieve optimal health outcomes (1.1)
• Are visionary, innovative and responsive leaders (2.0)

Length: 2000 words

Formatting requirements

In your submission, apply 12-point font size and double-spaced paragraphs. 

Ensure the document you upload is easily legible and has been spell-checked and proofread before submission. 

Please ensure your reference list is accurate and complete and that you only use APA 7^thLinks to an external site. formatting for your references.

Assessment task

Crises bring to the fore both the success and failures of leaders and leadership at multiple levels of
society, across the world. Review the COVID19 case study supplied. What were the ethical issues that arose from the way the COVID19 outbreak has been handled by governments and their instrumentalities, including health systems?

Case study as below:

Fairness and Equality During Coronavirus

Cacace D. Fairness and equality during coronavirus. Harvard Public Health Review. 2020; 26.

People are currently living in a world of uncertainty. Within a matter of weeks, the life that everyone knew has been taken from them. People are struggling to retain a semblance of normality within their daily lives as their routines are stripped from them. People can no longer hang out with friends, sit down in a restaurant, go to a park, safely go grocery shopping, and even go to work.

This is all due to the Coronavirus, or COVID-19, that is spreading across the world. This global pandemic has halted life for everyone. Although people are mourning the loss of their daily routines, some people are mourning something much greater, the loss of their loved ones. Hundreds of thousands of people are infected with the coronavirus, and tens of thousands have died in the United States alone.

This surge of COVID cases has left many people sick and in need of care. However, it has also left hospitals overwhelmed and underprepared. Due to the large number of patients in need of ventilators and a low number of ventilators available, many hospitals have been left with an exceptionally hard decision: who gets ventilators and who doesn’t? Essentially, that question boils down to a much more grim one. Who gets to live and who doesn’t?

Obviously, it seems like the clear answer is that enough ventilators should be made available to treat everyone effectively. Currently, a lot of hospitals, such as Strong Memorial Hospital in Rochester, NY, have enough ventilators for all COVID-19 patients.

However, in the case of a spike of a sudden onset of thousands of cases of COVID-19, this is not a realistic goal. Rationing measures must be put in place for if there are not enough ventilators to treat everyone.

So, this raises the bioethical question we are examining: How do we decide who gets a ventilator? As of now, the federal government is not providing national rationing guidelines for the coronavirus outbreak.

That means that hospitals are having to decide who gets the most treatment. There are many proposed ways to navigate this issue, but first, we must examine why exactly this is a bioethical issue.

The decision to deny one person treatment in order to provide someone else with that treatment is the relevant issue in question. To begin, we can examine human rights as they relate to healthcare. Many people in the United States debate whether health care is a human right. However, the rights to health care is a legal right that is embodied in many different healthcare systems.

Many people also believe that a legal right to something should be a reflection of what the government is morally obligated to provide for its citizens, in this case healthcare. Access to healthcare can be seen as a positive right. A positive right is one that involves action. They are the rights that require people to assist you.

Healthcare requires other people such as doctors and medical workers to assist you in matters of your health. It can be safely argued that healthcare is a human right, and the government is obligated to provide it for its citizens, and that each person has a right to some form of healthcare and health protection.

Norman Daniels, a bioethicist at Harvard University explains that the function of healthcare is to keep people functioning as close to normally as possible. That is, no controllable physical or emotional boundaries impeding your everyday functioning. He claims that “The healthcare we have strongest claim to is care that effectively promotes normal functioning by reducing the impact of disease and disability.”

In the case of rationing ventilators and other treatment for COVID patients, hospitals are inevitably violating that right to reduce the impact of disease for patients. However, they are not doing this by choice. Due to the fact that supplies are low, hospitals and medical workers have virtually no choice but to violate some of their patients’ right to equal and effective healthcare. As unfortunate as it is, during this extremely uncertain time, it is a necessity to ration ventilators and treatment.

When people become doctors, they take the Hippocratic oath. This oath requires all doctors to do no harm to their patients, and to benefit their patients according to their greatest judgment and abilities.

When a doctor has one ventilator and two extremely sick COVID patients in need, whom does he give the ventilator to? How do health care workers make the decision of who gets treatment in the first place?

In 2015, the New York State Department of Health released ventilator allocation guidelines in the event of a public health emergency. Throughout this paper, I will present many different opinions and solutions, but in the end, I will advocate for these guidelines. Although these guidelines exist for New York State, they are not necessarily implemented. There are no federal regulations, and other states may not have similar guidelines to look to during this time. The guidelines state that “patients for whom ventilator therapy would most likely be lifesaving are prioritized.”

What this means is that people who are most and least likely to survive without ventilators are the ones who have the lowest level of access to them. This is in order to maximize the patients who are most likely to survive without ventilator therapy, as well as with ventilator therapy. If someone is not likely to survive with no treatment, the intervention of a ventilator may not be helpful enough to save them. In the case of rationing, giving these people ventilators may not be maximizing the most lives saved.

This makes the issue seem relatively black and white: people who have high chances of surviving without a ventilator don’t get one, people who have a low chance of surviving with a ventilator don’t get one, and the people who are most likely to survive with a ventilator get one. This maximizes overall survival and aims to keep as many people as possible alive.

However, no bioethical issue is ever seemingly this black and white. To many people, especially people personally affected by COVID, there are always many other factors that go into the decision-making process.

For instance, things such as pre-existing conditions, disabilities, and age make decisions more difficult. Maybe someone with a chronic condition unrelated to COVID may have a high success rate on a ventilator but may die in a few years due to their condition.

Maybe a 60-year-old man would respond extremely well to a ventilator, where a 15-year-old boy may respond well or poorly, so the ventilator goes to the 60-year-old man. The question shifts from how many lives can we save to who deserves to have their life saved. How can one life be worth more than another? Is someone who is older worth more or less than someone who is younger? Is someone with a disability worth more or less than someone with no disability?

All lives should be valued the same based on the fact that everyone is a human being. This fact makes it extremely hard to decide who gets ventilators. Many different options for rationing ventilators have been discussed.

Peter Singer, a bioethicist at Princeton University, advocates for the use of rationing healthcare based on Quality-Adjusted Life-Year, or QALY.

Let’s say we have an 85-year-old COVID patient, and a 15-year-old COVID patient. Both are in need of a ventilator, but there is only one to give out. According to Singer, we should look at the number of life years saved. If the 85-year-old will only live for another five years, whereas the 15-year-old is expected to live for another 70 years, “saving one teenager is equivalent to saving 14 85-year-olds.”.

To him, the death of a teenager is much more tragic than the death of an elderly patient. He argues that priority should be given to the younger people who fall sick in order to save the most “years.”

QALY also takes into consideration the quality of life. Say you present a perfectly healthy individual with the choice of living 10 more years as a quadriplegic, or only 5 years perfectly healthy. Singer argues that many people would choose to live a shorter number of years as long as they are not disabled. He argues that this shows that the perceived quality of life should also play a role in decisions such as these.

Due to the fact that most people would choose to live half the amount of time without a disability, Singer concludes that “restoring to nondisabled life two people who would otherwise be quadriplegics is equivalent in value to saving the life of one person, provided the life expectancies of all involved are similar.”

Essentially, Singer argues that we should give treatment priority to those that are already young and healthy, because these options maximize the quality of life of the patients that will survive.

Singer’s ideas for the rationing of treatment are ageist at best, and discriminatory at worst. Where examining QALY in order to make a decision may take quality of life into consideration, Singer ignores that quality of life does not equal moral standing. To him, refusing a ventilator to a 15-year-old in favor of an 80-year-old may seem like a tragedy. However, Singer seems to ignore the fact that both the 80-year-old and the 15-year-old are people of equal moral standing.

Likewise, people with disabilities are worth no less than people without them. Being disabled makes you no less morally deserving of human rights and treatment than your non-disabled counterparts.

Every life is worth living. As a matter of fact, many disabled people would choose to remain living disabled if given the chance, because it is integral to their identities and their livelihoods. Therefore, there has to be a solution that takes people’s full moral personhood into account.

Researchers at Johns Hopkins have engaged residents of Maryland with questions about ventilators. They presented numerous options for the distribution of ventilators. Most people agreed that assigning ventilators at a first come first serve basis would unfairly disadvantage those that lived further away from hospitals, or those that got sick later than others. Therefore, we can rule out assigning ventilators on a first come first serve basis. Another option that was presented was to assign ventilators based on a random lottery system. However, I would argue that assigning ventilators randomly is not the most fair solution, since it could end up killing more people than it saves.

I advocate for the solutions presented in the New York State guidelines for ventilator distribution. Although this method may seem to gloss over certain factors, I would argue that it is more ethically sound to evaluate people based on their anticipated response to treatment rather than disabilities, age, etc.

If a hospital refuses a ventilator to someone with a disability in favor of someone without a disability based on QALY, it is an act of discrimination and ignores people’s moral personhood. However, if a hospital denies someone a ventilator because they will not respond well to it in favor of someone who will, it is simply an act in the best interest of the greater good.

All people have equal moral standing, and an equal right to life and treatment. Therefore, evaluating people on factors other than response to treatment diminishes their personhood: it tells them they are less than others due to their age or their disability.

Having a system in place that only takes response to treatment into account seems to be the only way to save the most patients without people feeling like they are “less than.” The only way to ensure full equality in this difficult decision-making process is to evaluate everyone equally based on one thing: their response to treatment.

The job of public health officials and health care workers is to do the best they possibly can by their patients. In a time like this where helping everyone is nearly impossible, the best that doctors can do is keeping as many people alive as possible.

Therefore, despite ethical implications surrounding the rationing of ventilators, it is important to understand that everyone is equal morally. The decision to give a patient a ventilator should be based on nothing but their anticipated response to treatment. Including any other factors in the decision-making process will inevitably lead to discrimination and a denial of a patient’s worth.

References

1. Bialek S, Boundy E, Bowen V, et al. Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) — United States, February 12–March 16, 2020. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2020;69(12):343-346. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6912e2.
2. Fink S. The Hardest Questions Doctors May Face: Who Will Be Saved? Who Won’t? The New York Times. Published March 21, 2020. Accessed April 12, 2020.
3. Daniels N. Is There a Right to Health Care and, If So, What Does It Encompass? A Companion to Bioethics.:362-372. doi:10.1002/9781444307818.ch31.

Greek Medicine – The Hippocratic Oath. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_oath.html. Published February 7, 2012. Accessed April 16, 2020.

4. Ventilator Allocation Guidelines. November 2015.
5. Singer P. Why We Must Ration Health Care. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/19/magazine/19healthcare-t.html. Published July 15, 2009. Accessed April 12, 2020.

Action

• Review Case study
• Your introduction should be no more than 250 words long.
• With relevant and up-to-date (or seminal) references and in around 1500 words, answer “What are the ethical issues that arose from the way the COVID19 outbreak has been handled by governments and their instrumentalities?” In your answer, you should consider:
  • the leadership issues that arose during COVID19 (based on the case study and your readings for this subject, in general)
  • the ethical issues which were identified in the case study
  • your analysis of the ethical issues based on a selected ethical framework or approach. 
• With relevant and up to date (or seminal) references, present your conclusion in approximately 250 words.

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