Multiple And Short Answer Questions Assignment

The short answers will be based on the following papers:

de Wild, Victoire WT, Cees de Graaf, and Gerry Jager. "Use of Different Vegetable Products to Increase Preschool-Aged Children’s Preference for and Intake of a Target Vegetable: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2016)

Boumosleh JM, Jaalouk D. Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students-A cross sectional study. PLoS one. 2017 Aug 4;12(8):e0182239

Zhang Y, Nitschke M, Krackowizer A, Dear K, Pisaniello D, Weinstein P, Tucker G, Shakib S, Bi P. Risk factors of direct heat-related hospital admissions during the 2009 heatwave in Adelaide, Australia: a matched case–control study. BMJ open. 2016 Jun 1;6(6):e010666.

1. A study looked at how liver-related mortality varied across developed nations. Data for liver-related mortality, prevalence data for hepatitis B and C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), alcohol consumption per capita, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), overweight and obesity were extracted from peer-reviewed publications or World Health Organisation (WHO) databases for different developed countries. As potential other risk-modifying factors, purchase power parity (PPP)-adjusted gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and health expenditure per capita were assessed. As an environmental ‘hygiene factor’, the effect of the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori was also assessed. Only countries with a PPP-adjusted GDP greater than $20 000 and valid information for at least 8 risk modifiers were included.

This can best be described as:

Group of answer choices

1. A randomised controlled trial
2. An ecological study
3. A cross-sectional study
4. A cohort study
5. A case control study

Question 2

In a study on the effectiveness of an intervention on the BMI of preschool children authors state:

“The weight control intervention did not target overweight children specifically. We deliberately chose an inclusive approach that was aimed at altering the distribution of weight among the intervention children by reducing further development of overweight in already overweight children and preventing overweight in normal-weight children. Intensive treatment interventions with already overweight children have shown both short- and long-term success, but may be less applicable in school settings because being identified as overweight and in need of treatment could embarrass young children and cause them to be further ostracized.”

This is explaining how the study observed which ethical principle?

Group of answer choices

1. Peace
2. Respect for autonomy
3. Justice
4. Beneficence
5. Non-maleficence

Question 3

1 pts

This figure shows the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) within various populations and ethnic groups in Mexico City.  If there were 5000 Koreans living in Mexico City, based on this graph, how many cases of type 2 diabetes in this subpopulation would we expect in 1 year?

Group of answer choices

a.125

1. 50

c.1000

1. 25

e.100

Question 4

1 pts

Based on the table below, what is the incidence of breast cancer for people in Australia?

Group of answer choices

1. 22 per 1 million people
2. 14,710 per 1 million people
3. 6.69 per 1 million people
4. 669 per 1 million people
5. 0.00149 per 1 million people

Flag question: Question 5

Question 5

1 pts

Based on the table below, what is the relative risk of breast cancer for people in Australia compared with people in Singapore?

Group of answer choices

1. 5.83
2. 476.2
3. 0.71
4. 4.15
5. 1.4

Flag question: Question 6

Question 6

1 pts

In a study on the effectiveness of a physical activity intervention program, a paper states: “The program was developed for adolescent girls attending public secondary schools located in ‘low-income’ communities as determined by the Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas of relative socioeconomic disadvantage (SEIFA Index) deciles. Schools were eligible to participate if located in areas that had an allocated SEIFA index of ≤5 (bottom 50%). 18 schools were randomly selected from a list of eligible schools in the Hunter, Newcastle and Central Coast areas in New South Wales, Australia, and the final sample included 357 adolescent girls.”

This type of sample could best be described as:

Group of answer choices

1. Stratified sample
2. Cluster sample
3. Systematic sample
4. Purposive sample
5. Simple random sample

Flag question: Question 7

Question 7

1 pts

Malnutrition is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under the age of five in developing countries. Ethiopia is one of these countries where malnutrition is an important public health problem. The cases were 102 severely malnourished children under the age of five and the controls (n=102) were matched for age and of good nutritional status.

What are the odds that a severely malnourished child will have a mother who is illiterate?

Group of answer choices

4. 4.667
5. 1.500
6. 0.824
7. 0.391
8. 0.214

Flag question: Question 8

Question 8

1 pts

Based on the same study as the previous question, what is the odds ratio of maternal illiteracy of malnourished children (cases) compared with the well-nourished children (controls)?

Group of answer choices

1. 3.83
2. 5.68
3. 0.176
4. 0.261
5. 2.13

Flag question: Question 9

Question 9

1 pts

A study aimed to estimate the magnitude of serious eye disorders and of visual impairment in a defined elderly population of a typical metropolitan area in England. People aged 65 or older who were registered with the practices and confirmed by the Family Health Services Association register constituted the sampling units. From each of the seven selected primary sampling units, a simple random sample of eligible people was drawn and invited to attend one of four eye examination stations located within easy reach for an eye assessment. About a third of the people aged 65 and older registered with each primary sampling unit were thus selected to form the survey sample for this study.

This study can best be described as:

Group of answer choices

1. A cohort study
2. An ecological study
3. A randomised controlled trial
4. A cross-sectional study
5. A case-control study

Flag question: Question 10

Question 10

1 pts

In Switzerland, in 2015, 1797 drivers of 70 years of age or more were involved in a road accident with severe injury or death (0.02% of the population). Non-professional drivers who are 70 years of age or older have to undergo a compulsory medical assessment of their fitness to drive every 2 years.

In this study, visual acuity was measured using a vision screener called Visiotest. This device has been shown to have a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 87% to detect vision deficiency. This means that:

Group of answer choices

1. The screening tool can accurately identify 87% of adults who have vision deficiency, and 99% of adults who do not have vision deficiency.
2. The overall effectiveness of the tool is 93% and will correctly diagnose most adults 93% of the time.
3. The screening tool can accurately identify 99% of adults who have vision deficiency, but also mis-diagnoses 87% of adults who do not have vision deficiency as being deficient.
4. The screening tool can accurately identify 99% of adults who have vision deficiency, and only mis-diagnoses 13% of adults who do not have vision deficiency.
5. The screening tool can accurately identify only 1% of adults who have vision deficiency, but correctly identifies 87% of adults who do not have vision deficiency.

Short answer questions

The next three questions are based on material from a published paper de Wild, Victoire WT, Cees de Graaf, and Gerry Jager. "Use of Different Vegetable Products to Increase Preschool-Aged Children’s Preference for and Intake of a Target Vegetable: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2016).

1. Identify the population, sampling frame & sample, and discuss how the sampling (including sample size) may impact on the interpretation of the final results.

difference  between the groups, with alpha set at .05 and a power of 0.80, at least 25 children were needed per group. Participant could withdraw from the study at any any time for any reason without consequences

ANSWER-

2. Explain & critique the use of control and blinding in this experiment.

ANSWER-

3. If you had the staff and resources to run a similar study, what changes would you make and why?

The next question is based on material from a published paper Boumosleh JM, Jaalouk D. Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students-A cross sectional study. PLoS one. 2017 Aug 4;12(8):e0182239.

1. Briefly critique the reporting of the population, sampling frame, and sample.

ANSWER-

The next question is based on material from a published paper Zhang Y, Nitschke M, Krackowizer A, Dear K, Pisaniello D, Weinstein P, Tucker G, Shakib S, Bi P. Risk factors of direct heat-related hospital admissions during the 2009 heatwave in Adelaide, Australia: a matched case–control study. BMJ open. 2016 Jun 1;6(6):e010666.

1. Discuss the appropriateness of the study design. (You could consider strengths and weaknesses, and compare/contrast with other designs.)

Objective The extreme heatwave of 2009 in South Australia dramatically increased morbidity, with a 14-fold increase in direct heat-related hospitalisation in metropolitan Adelaide. Our study aimed to identify risk factors for the excess morbidity.

Methods

Study design and population

A case–control study was conducted in Adelaide in 2012–2013, targeting vulnerable groups from the 2009 heatwave.

[…]

Cases included those who were hospitalised for direct heat-related conditions from all public hospitals in Adelaide over the 5-day exposure period. Controls were those who were exposed to the heatwave period without any heat-related hospitalisations. Controls were randomly selected from the South Australian State Electoral Roll (SASER) and were 1:1 matched to cases by age (±2 years) and gender. The SASER provides an electronic source of people who resided in metropolitan Adelaide (postcodes 5000–5199).