1.0.Introduction

Groundwater is the biggest liquid water resource in this planet, the resources acts as a critical role in human nourishment and global food security through helping the irrigated agricultural food harvest. The groundwater in India covers of about thirty percent of the total fertile land in the world and is among the top in terms of using groundwater for their needs. India is experiencing a immediate increase in total population, urbanization and alternation in evolutionary use of water, harvesting pattern and the way of life following to unmanageable extraction of abundance of groundwater. The extraction of groundwater only in India accounts for twenty five percent of the extraction of the water resource in the world. The stance of Indian groundwater has turned into a worldwide example for long run accessibility and flexibility to human approaches. The administration of groundwater in the future is problematic with current political arrangements as well as in the future with the impact of climate change (Bhanja, Mukherjee, Rodell, Wada, Chattopadhyay, Velicogna, Pangaluru & Famiglietti, 2017). The reasons for decrease in the groundwater involves the waste of water, irrigation water waste with not good maintenance and cheap cost of electrical pumps. Furthermore, the issues of groundwater also include the climate change that has an indirect impact on the water resources through increase in green house gases in the atmosphere which are then infiltrated under the surface of the land making the land warmer and making the water polluted. The different issues regarding climate change is evaporation and precipitation that creates major changes in water present in sea and lakes (Panwar & Chakrapani. 2013). Ground water in India has always been used to fulfill the domestic needs of the individual in rural (80%) as well as urban (50%) areas; it also meets the demands of the irrigation activities that are utilized by the agricultural sector. The influence of rainfall or climate change on the groundwater is not taken into consideration, although the groundwater resource is the largest source of water in the country right now. This is because of the intricate engagement among the land utilization, properties of aquifer, water level and the timing of rain in different seasons. Those areas that have aquifers in a good  condition doesn’t have a problem when there is less amount rainfall but a decrease in the rate of rainfall can largely impact the areas which doesn’t have an aquifer. Moreover, it has been recorded that decrease in the rainfall along with depletion in the groundwater will rise the costs of water that would imply water crises in the country. The water resources especially the groundwater can come in a lot of pressure in the future in India because of urbanization and climatic changes, the climate indirectly impacts the demand for water along with the quality. The semi arid areas of India are drier but due to the climatic changes the southern region has also been affected by the climatic changes. The rise in the temperature of the atmosphere due to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is impacting the groundwater, the pollutants absorb in the surface of the land making the groundwater contaminated (Mall & Pandey, 2007). Not only this the climate change also has an indirect impact on the salinity of the water, the changes in the soil and changes in the demand for water. Moreover, in India it has been recorded that if the over extraction of ground water is still consistent that the sea water will likely to enter in the aquifer that will damage the irrigation system that will ultimately impact the harvest and will create health problems for the people (Bobba, 2002).

 

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The Southern Indian city, Hyderabad has always been linked to water scarcity or water problems for quite a while now. In the neighboring states there also persist a problem of water scarcity but this was not always the case in this part of India. The state of the city, Telangana has also experienced the crises of water especially groundwater resource. Due to Hyderabad being a develop country most of the water is used by the industries and urban areas to meet their demand leaving very little groundwater resource for the rural population and for irrigation purposes (Das & Skelton, 2013). The Britishers destroyed the irrigation practices through tube wells that is impacting the rural currently (D’Souza, 2006). The groundwater is over extracted by the population without thinking that how it can impact the future generations. It has been recorded that a rise in green house gases in the atmosphere can disturb the hydrological mechanism of the world. On the other hand, there is a constant increase in the demand of fresh water in the world today as the groundwater doesn’t provide the quality of water which can used for drinking purposes and domestic needs. The reason is that the aquifers that are built underneath the surface can naturally recharge but they are extensively impacted by the global groundwater extraction to fulfill the needs of the people in the world. About 70 percent of the groundwater is used for irrigation in the world, there has been a constant decrease in the water level of the ground for irrigational lands (Ferrnat, Caballero, Perrin, Gascoin Dewandel, Aulong, Dazin, Ahmed & Marechal, 2013). Arunprakash, Giridharan, Krishamurthy and Jayaprakash (2014) in their paper have showed how does rapid industrialization and urbanization in Chennai city influences the groundwater, this type of development has a big role in polluting the groundwater. The polluted groundwater is not appropriate for drinking or for irrigation purpose, individuals drinking groundwater with high levels of arsenic, fluorosis and nitrate can impose a major threat on their health problems. On the other hand, the contaminated groundwater can negatively impact the harvest because of the contaminants; the pollutants can damage the crops due to which food security is at risk.

The groundwater has been discussed as to be the most used water resource in the world, India is among the top to use this resource for various purposes, the resource is used mostly for irrigation and drinking purposes. The Indian government has done a lot to preserve its resource but has time and again failed to do so. There has been an increasing amount of over extraction in different region especially the Southern region, there are not proper aquifers built for water to filter all the pollutants and contaminants so that it is easy for the people to use and consume the groundwater. The ground provides good quality water but due to urbanization and climate change it has been difficult for the country to provide the citizens with good quality ground water. This paper will evaluate how can the scenario of the groundwater issue in case of South India keeping in mind urbanization and climatic change.

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1.1.Research Questions:

1. How can the South Indian regions stop the contaminants to enter in the aquifers built by the different governments?
2. What is the theoretical system that can help the South Indian regions to dampen the issue of ground water?
3. What are the issues of groundwater that makes it unbearable to use the water resource for drinking and irrigation purpose?

1.2.Research Objective:

1. To stop the contaminants to enter the aquifers built by the different governments.
2. To propose a theoretical system that can help the South India regions to dampen the issue of ground water.
3. To investigate the issues of groundwater that makes it unbearable to use the water resource for drinking and irrigation purpose.

1.3.Statement of Purpose:

Groundwater in India has many issues like the decreasing water levels, contaminants in the water and increase in salinity that is harmful for drinking and irrigation. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the problems created because of urbanization and climate change for groundwater in South Indian regions. Moreover, the paper will come up with a theoretical mechanism to solve the issues of groundwater that is used in abundance for drinking and irrigation purpose.

1.4.Significance of the Research:

Water is a basic necessity of individuals in the world, without water any living being cannot survive. Moreover, groundwater is used in abundance by many individuals for domestic needs but it is also used for irrigation purpose. India is among those countries that uses good amount of groundwater for different purpose but especially for irrigation and drinking purposes. This research is conducted to evaluate the situation of groundwater in different regions of South India to evaluate the situation of groundwater emphasizing on climate change and urbanization. The academic literature about the issue of groundwater is immense but very few of the authors have actually provided a solution on how to tackle the problem and eliminate the problem of groundwater scarcity. Moreover, many of the authors have presented with recommendations but not a theoretical system that can help to at least decrease the issue of groundwater like over exploitation, higher salinity and pollutants found in the water. The research will identify where did the government of South India wasn’t able to solve the issue of groundwater efficiently. Moreover, this research will provide a description on different policies and strategies opted by the governments to decrease the issue of depleting groundwater resource as much as possible.

 

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